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Vinyl acetate monomer is a colorless liquid with active chemical properties, and is produced by reacting ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen in a gas-phase state in the presence of a fixed-bed catalyst. A polymerization inhibitor must be added for storage.
Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM): Overview and Key Properties
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) |
| IUPAC Name | Ethenyl Acetate |
| Molecular Formula | C₄H₆O₂ |
| CAS Number | 108-05-4 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Sweet, fruity (pungent at high concentrations) |
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Boiling Point | 72.7°C (162.9°F) |
| Melting Point | −93°C (−135°F) |
| Density (20°C) | 0.934 g/cm³ |
| Vapor Pressure | 115 mmHg (20°C) |
| Flash Point | −8°C (18°F) – Highly flammable |
| Solubility | Slightly soluble in water (2.5 g/100 mL); miscible in organic solvents |
Production Methods
| Method | Process Description |
|---|---|
| Acetylene Process | Acetylene + Acetic Acid (Zn or Cd catalyst) |
| Ethylene Process | Ethylene + Acetic Acid + Oxygen (Pd-Au catalyst) – Most common |
| Bio-based Route | Fermentation of sugars (emerging technology) |
Applications
| Industry | Uses |
|---|---|
| Polymers | Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers |
| Adhesives | Wood glue, paper coatings |
| Coatings | Paints, emulsions |
| Textiles | Binders for non-woven fabrics |
| Food Packaging | Barrier films (EVA layers) |
Safety & Regulatory Status
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| OSHA PEL | 10 ppm (TWA) |
| Health Hazards | Irritant (eyes/skin); suspected carcinogen (IARC Group 2B) |
| Storage | Inhibited with hydroquinone; store under nitrogen (prevents polymerization) |
| Transport | Class 3 Flammable Liquid (UN1301) |
Comparison with Similar Monomers
| Monomer | VAM vs. Alternatives |
|---|---|
| Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) | Lower cost, less rigid polymers |
| Styrene | Better water resistance, less toxic |
| Vinyl Chloride | Non-chlorinated, less hazardous |
Environmental & Handling Data
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Biodegradability | Readily biodegradable (BOD₅: 60–80%) |
| LD50 (Oral, Rat) | 2.920 mg/kg |
| Atmospheric Lifetime | ~5 hours (reacts with OH radicals) |
Market Information
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Global Capacity | ~7 million tons/year |
| Price Range | $1.000–1.500/ton |
| Major Producers | Celanese, Dairen Chemical, Sinopec, LyondellBasell |
Key Advantages and Limitations
| Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|
| Versatile monomer for adhesives/coatings | Highly flammable |
| Cost-effective production | Requires polymerization inhibitors |
| Bio-based routes emerging | Potential health risks |
Summary
Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) is a critical chemical for producing polyvinyl acetate and EVA copolymers, widely used in adhesives, paints, and textiles. Despite its flammability and health concerns, its cost-effectiveness and versatility sustain high global demand. Innovations focus on bio-based production and safer handling protocols.
Declaration: The products displayed on this website are intended exclusively for industrial applications or scientific research. They are not intended for medical, pharmaceutical, or food use. In accordance with applicable laws and regulations, purchasing organizations must hold valid qualifications and approvals.
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