| OEM | OEM Services Provided |
| Feature | Good stability |
| Classification | Chemicals |
| Advantage | Professional, Fast Delivery, Customizable | Samples | Apply for free，Contact Export Director now ↓ |
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | C₁₂H₁₈N₂O₃ (Barbiturate derivative) |
| Therapeutic Class | Anticonvulsant – Voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
| Primary Indications | – Partial seizures: Adjunctive therapy – Generalized tonic-clonic seizures: Secondary prevention – Essential tremor: First-line treatment – Myoclonus: Symptomatic control |
| Pharmacodynamics | – Metabolites: Active phenobarbital (80% conversion) – Mechanism: Enhances GABA-ergic inhibition – Onset: 1-2 weeks (therapeutic effect) |
| Pharmacokinetics | – Bioavailability: ~100% (oral) – Half-life: 12-16 hours – Protein binding: 20-30% – Excretion: Renal (metabolites) |
| Dosage Forms | – Tablets: 50mg, 250mg – Capsules: 250mg – Oral suspension: 250mg/5mL |
| Standard Regimen | – Adults: 125-250mg BID (max 2.5g/day) – Elderly: Reduce by 50% – Pediatrics: 25mg/kg/day divided TID |
| Adverse Effects | – Common: Sedation, ataxia, nystagmus – Severe: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (rare) – Chronic: Osteomalacia (long-term use) |
| Drug Interactions | – Enhanced effects: Alcohol, CNS depressants – Reduced efficacy: Carbamazepine, phenytoin (enzyme induction) – Monitoring required: Warfarin, oral contraceptives |
| Regulatory Status | – FDA: Pregnancy Category D – EMA: Requires risk-benefit assessment – Generic availability: Multiple manufacturers (low-cost options) |
| Market Position | – Declining use: Replaced by newer AEDs – Niche applications: Essential tremor, refractory epilepsy – Cost advantage: Affordable in resource-limited settings |
Note: Requires therapeutic drug monitoring due to variable metabolism. Contraindicated in porphyria and severe hepatic impairment.
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